Introduction to Clinical Laboratory procedures, lab safety, and Quality control. This covers the techniques in analytical, instrumentation like spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrophoresis, electrochemistry, immunoassays and nucleic acid probes. Also covered are liver function tests cardiac profiles, lipid profiles and kidney functions test. Diabetes Mellitus – pathogenesis, complications, function tests, change of analyte in disease. Tumor Markers – basic concepts and clinical applications. Endocrinology – Thyroid, the Gonads, Adrenal hormones and hypertension, pathological conditions, tests of hypothalamic and pituitary function. Gastrointestinal Function and Digestive Disease. Carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins are also covered.